Monday, December 30, 2019

Cholera Map of Dr. John Snow

In the mid-1850s, doctors and scientists knew there was a deadly disease called the cholera poison rampaging through London, but they werent sure how it was being transmitted. Dr. John Snow used mapping and other techniques that would later be known as medical geography to confirm that the transmission of the disease occurred by swallowing contaminated water or food. Dr. Snows mapping of the 1854 cholera epidemic has saved countless lives. The Mysterious Disease While we now know that this cholera poison is spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, scientists in the early 19th century thought it was spread by miasma (bad air).  Without knowing how an epidemic spreads, there is no way to stop it. When a cholera epidemic occurred, it was deadly. Since cholera is an infection of the small intestine, it results in extreme diarrhea. This often leads to massive dehydration, which can create sunken eyes and blue skin. Death can occur within hours. If treatment is given quickly enough, the disease can be overcome by giving the victim a lot of fluids, either by mouth or intravenously. In the 19th century, there were no cars or telephones and so getting quick treatment was often difficult. What London needed was someone to figure out how this deadly disease spread. The 1849 London Outbreak While Cholera has existed in Northern India for centuries (and it is from this region that regular outbreaks are spread) it was the London outbreaks that brought cholera to the attention of British physician Dr. John Snow. In an 1849 cholera outbreak in London, a large proportion of the victims received their water from two water companies. Both of these water companies had the source of their water on the Thames River, just downstream from a sewer outlet. Despite this coincidence, the prevailing belief of the time was that it was bad air that was causing the deaths. Dr. Snow felt differently, believing that the disease was caused by something ingested. He wrote down his theory in the essay, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, but neither the public nor his peers were convinced. The 1854 London Outbreak When another cholera outbreak hit the Soho area of London in 1854, Dr. Snow found a way to test his ingestion theory. Dr. Snow plotted the distribution of deaths in London on a map. He determined that an unusually high number of deaths were taking place near a water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Snows findings led him to petition the local authorities to remove the pumps handle. This was done and the number of cholera deaths was dramatically reduced. The pump had been contaminated by a dirty baby diaper that had leaked the cholera bacteria into the water supply. Cholera Is Still Deadly Although we now know how cholera is spread and have found a way to treat patients who have it, cholera is still a very deadly disease. Striking quickly, many people with cholera dont realize how serious their situation is until it is too late. Also, new inventions such as airplanes have aided the spread of cholera, letting it surface in parts of the world where cholera has otherwise been eradicated. According to the World Health Organization, there are up to 4.3 million cases of cholera each year, with approximately 142,000 deaths. Medical Geography The work of Dr. Snow stands out as one of the most famous and earliest cases of medical geography, where geography and maps are utilized to understand the spread of disease. Today, specially trained medical geographers and medical practitioners routinely use mapping and advanced technology to understand the diffusion and spread of diseases such as AIDS and cancer. A map is not just an effective tool for finding the right place, it can also save a life.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Theodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson - 861 Words

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two extraordinary leaders who symbolized the dreams and aspirations of the American people during a tumultuous time in U.S. history. Both men were well versed in foreign policy and held great leadership qualities with firm views for the future of our country. Roosevelt took office in 1901 following the assassination of President William McKinley, becoming the youngest president to date. He had a motto of speak softly but carry a big stick. President Roosevelt quickly offered America the square deal, taking power away from the industrialists and controlling big business from the White House. These actions earned him the title of TrustBuster. Roosevelt used American power for American interests and was quoted as saying, I am an American first and last. Although it can be argued that Roosevelt was too impulsive in his actions, it s difficult to ignore his tremendous leadership qualities. The average citizen felt Roosevelt was authoritative and t ough as much as he was positive, warm and funny. His authoritative qualities shown brightly in his quote, to Hell with the constitution, America needs heat, threatening a government takeover after a large number of coal miners went on strike. Roosevelt was an imperialist and a realist who believed everything he did was in the name of justice. He was an industrious man with a strong sense of pride. Lastly, Roosevelt was known for being militaristic, believing war was proof of manhood.Show MoreRelatedWoodrow Wilson And Theodore Roosevelt Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesearly 1900s. The two frontrunners to answer the puzzling questions were the 26th president, Theodore Roosevelt, and the 28th president Woodrow Wilson. They both wanted the betterment of America both domestically and at the world stage. However, the assertive nature of Theodore Roosevelt made him an exemplar of American ideals and democracy for the rest of the world. Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt were vastly different by nature, one a macho, military-man, explorer, and the other, an academicRead MoreWoodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt Essay440 Words   |  2 PagesWoodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt were two of America’s great presidents. This is why I feel that both men were equally important in what they did and said they would do. Both in their own ways have added a little of what makes this country what it is today. Both had their own beliefs of how reform, empowerment of the people and foreign policy should be accomplished. As president, the main goal was to do what they felt best for the American peopleRead More Comparing Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt During the 20th century many different presidents went in and out of the doors of the White House serving the country the best they could. However, two of these men hold a place in American history as perhaps the greatest leaders that had ever served our country. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two extraordinary men that symbolize the hope and aspirations of the American people during such a tumultuous time in United States historyRead Morecompare and contrast of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson808 Words   |  4 PagesPresidency of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt By HIS 204 American History since 1865 Instructor: Kathleen Scarpena November 25, 2013 Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two of America’s most celebrated presidents during the 20th century. Theodore Roosevelt who was a Republican had a military background and created the American conservation movement. Theodore Roosevelt was also once shot by an would be assassin and still managed to give his speech. Roosevelt was famous by hisRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson : The Progressive Era1651 Words   |  7 Pages During the Progressive Era from 1890-1920, America saw three new presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. This period of time is known as the Progressive Era due to the political and social changes made to move away from a laissez-faire government to a more active government by the administrations of these presidents. Prior to this period, Americans had to suffer through poor working conditions, low wages, social and class inequality and become victims to largeRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt vs Woodrow Wils on Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Which do you think was a more effective president? Why? In foreign affairs, the white mans burden helped to justify Roosevelts New Imperialism in foreign policy. Uncivilized nations would gain eventual independence once they had conformed to the American model of government and democracy. Roosevelts corollary to the Monroe Doctrine set up the U.S. as policeman in the western hemisphere. Under TR, theRead MoreHerbert Croly, Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson865 Words   |  4 Pageswe are accustomed to today are things that once brought controversy and were fought over rigorously, both for and against. And while it can be difficult to truly get inside the minds of those such as Herbert Croly, Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson due to the difference in the language, it is intriguing to read their opinions. All make convincing arguments, but their perspective is what makes each of them unique. Herbert Croly was a very intellectual man, as all involved inRead MoreThe American Of American Identity Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagestwo front-runners to answer the puzzling questions were the 26th president, Theodore Roosevelt, and the 28th president Woodrow Wilson. They both wanted the betterment of America, both domestically and at the world stage. However, unlike Woodrow Wilson, the assertive nature of Theodore Roosevelt made him an exemplar of American ideals and democracy for American and rest of the world. Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt were vastly different by nature, one a macho, military-man, explorer, and theRead MoreCompare And Contrast Theodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Era755 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, two presidents, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, were very essential and celebrated during their time. Roosevelt became president in 1901 and was probably one of the most influential Republicans ever to have power over the American people (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt.†). Being a democrat, Woodrow Wilson ran his campaign in a very different way than President Roosevelt. He became president in 1913 and was easily one of the best presidents the United States ever had, leadingRead MoreRoosevelt vs. Wilson Essay514 Words   |  3 PagesRoosevelt vs. Wilson Two great men, two great presidents, led our nations to excellency and great success. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were hard working, intelligent men who were very familiar, but were also different in many aspects. Through their dedication to our country and their passion of politics they have made our country better. There were many similarities between Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. The special relationship with their fathers was a quality that

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Barack Obama`S Speech Analysis Free Essays

INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to examine the strategies of President Barack Obama, and its ideological component, also why Barack Obama use exact words and how strong is the influence. The topic has been studied before by Juraj Horvath (2010),Jana Langrova(2010) and Junling Wang(2010). Therefore, the goal of the conducted research paper is to find out which of the political are used more often in the speech of Barack Obama, and what does it mean. We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama`S Speech Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The enabling objectives to get the research goal are the following: ) To read and analyze the secondary sources on the research topic 2) To collect the empirical data 3) To implement the necessary research method 4) To create a table, showing the most frequent terms. The hypothesis is that convinced political terms are used more often in the speech of Barack Obama than other terms. The research methods of research applied in the study: Library research: the study of the secondary sources on the research theme. Quantitative empirical research method: corpus-based quantitative research. The main research method applied in the study was quantitative frequency analysis. Chapter 1 is devoted to the secondary sources analysis on the research topic. Chapter 2 explains the research methodology applied in the study. Chapter 3 presents the research results and discussion on finding. Appendix contains the table presenting the most frequently used terms. Analysis of Secondary Sources (The Literature Review) Chapter I presents the literature connected with analysis of Barack Obama`s speeches. The power and influence of Barack Obama speeches are discussed in this text; also his expressed ideology and its manipulations are mentioned then. Opinions and thoughts of Juraj Horvath â€Å"Critical Discourse Analysis of Obama`s Political Discourse† and Jana Langrova â€Å"Ideology in Obama`s Prague Speech in the Mirror of Discourse Analysis† (2010) are presented and compared in Chapter I. Juraj Horvath used quantitative method to write his analysis, and when he counted all the words, what he were interested in, he expressed the ideas, which are very remarkable. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ new†, which characterizes the strategy and ideas of the newly sworn president and his administration†, this extract is about Barack Obama`s often used word â€Å"new†. Juraj Horvath`s opinion about the use of this word is very interesting. He considers that the fact of using the word â€Å"new†, so often as Barack Obama does, shows his ideological aspects and promptitude for the innovations. Jana Langrova looked for the rhyme, speed and phonetic features of Barack Obama`s speech, but her conclusion and thoughts are very similair to Juraj Horvath. Jana Langrova considered that his speech employs rhyme, repetition and stress. He also stresses the word â€Å"new† in his speeches very often, and Jana Langrova noticed it. â€Å"There is new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to built†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ,-these are Barack Obama`s words which were analyzed by two people. To summarize, Chapter I deals with the secondary sources concerned with previous analysis of the speeches of Barack Obama. Methodology This Chapter II will deal with the methodology used in this research. First the research method will be presented and then the research procedure will be described step by step. There are many methods to analyze the text, but theme of chosen paper will be analyzed by quantitative method. Quantitative research is used generally in social sciences such as political science. Qualitative methods construct information just on the particular cases studied, and any more main conclusions are only hypotheses. Quantitative methods may be used to verify, which hypotheses are true. Advocates of quantitative methods dispute that only by use of such methods can the social sciences become truly scientific, also advocates of qualitative methods argue that quantitative methods tend to obscure the reality of the public phenomena under the study, because they abandon the non-measurable issues, which could be the most valuable. In this paper the author was used to gather quantitative data —to deal with information connected with numbers and anything that is measurable. Statistics, tables and graphs will be presented as the results of these methods in appendix. The following chapter will be devoted to giving the results. Findings and Discussion The world of linguistics has been affected he and stimulated by Barack Obama`s individuality. Many new words have been created. Obamania, is linking with the passion and obsession he has been accepted and favored by many. Barack Obama`s ideology and philosophy have been referred to as one of the most confusing and difficult ideologies to analyze. In the speech of Barack Obama the strong religious content ideas can be found, for example: 1) â€Å"Thank you. God bless you. And God bless the United States of America. † 2) â€Å"This is the source of our confidence – the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. † 3) â€Å"†¦on the horizon and God’s grase upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. † 4) â€Å"†¦the God – given promise that all are equal, all are free and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. † That fact that he also uses the direct and indirect speeches from Bible can all help Barack Obama to win the supporting of audience. The fact, which was very interesting to find out was that Barack Obama uses the words â€Å"we†, â€Å"Americans†, â€Å"each of us†, â€Å"all†, â€Å"our† very often to his speech(1), and from the psychological point of view it is made to create a close relationship between the president an his honorable audience. ( From Barack Obama`s inaugural speech quantitative analysis) In order to arrive at a more quantitative result of this analysis, a keyword analysis of the most frequently used words and nuances in Obama`s speech gave the following findings. His speech consisted of 2403 words, and the pronoun â€Å"we† – was repeated 62 times. It was the most frequently used word by Barack Obama,for example: 1) â€Å"†¦we must work together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2) â€Å"†¦we are bound by shared values†¦Ã¢â‚¬  3) â€Å"†¦we will seek to include all nuclear weapons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  4) â€Å"†¦we believe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  5) â€Å"†¦we cannot succeed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  6) â€Å"†¦we know the path†¦Ã¢â‚¬  7) â€Å"†¦we have to insist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also it is important to mention that it was very interesting to found that Barack Obama uses biblical language and quotations, non-traditional speech, and his position shows his liberal stand of him, what could be found in each speech of Barack Obama. Finally, the most important part, what I have found in his speeches is that Obama want to create a new nation which will be free from the war or other bad influence, and also he tries to get away from the old partisan divisions and looks for to be perceived as being above ideology. His thoughts and ideology about the better future without any bad elements in it show the hidden meaning of his ideas and promisses, which is logically followed from his ideas – â€Å"new† is always better, and for him the best nation is new = free nation. How to cite Barack Obama`S Speech Analysis, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Advanced Diploma of Community Services- Leadership

Question: Describe about the Advanced Diploma of Community Services for Leadership. Answer: Activity 2: a. Strategies for creating active support from the stakeholders: Stakeholder management is a significant element to the successful completion of any program or project within the organizational structure. Furthermore, as stakeholders are directly affected by any changes in the operational procedure, it is necessary for the organization to provide effective information to all the stakeholders. Many studies have highlighted that effective stakeholder management will develop positive relationship with both external and internal stakeholders of the organization, which eventually will help organization to fulfill all the objectives in an appropriate manner[1]. It highlights the fact that organization needs to implement effective strategies for fulfilling all the objectives of implementing change in the operational procedure. Now, in order to launch products globally, organization will have to focus on the following stakeholder management strategies: Stakeholder mapping: Launching products globally requires huge amount of investment from the organization. Therefore, it is expected that the decision will create massive impact on all the stakeholders of the company. However, the impact of the business strategy will not have same kind of impact on all the stakeholders of the company[2]. It is necessary for the organization to identify and prioritize all the stakeholders based on the affect of the changes in the operational processes. For instance, global launch of products will require investors of the organization to invest more on the operational process. Therefore, organization needs to ensure that the information regarding the necessity of launching products globally can reach to the investors in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, strategies will have to be developed to identify the satisfaction level of each stakeholder, as it can have impact on the overall effectiveness of the business procedure. Evaluation of the prime influences: Many studies have highlighted the fact that proper evaluation of all the influences is important for effective management of the stakeholders[3]. Understanding of influence of each stakeholder will allow the organization to develop strategies, which will create maximum impact on the effective management of stakeholders. Thus, organization needs to measure the influence of stakeholders through the ranking scale from high, medium to low. Again, the utilization of ranking scale will allow the organization to handle stakeholders with significant power effectively, which will help to fulfill all the requirements of successful launch of products in the global market[4]. Identification of the triggers: Many studies have mentioned that the reaction pattern of stakeholders varies in different ways[5]. Therefore, it is necessary for the organization to identify prime triggers that can induce stakeholders to react negatively towards organization. For instance, launching products globally contains huge amount of risks that the stakeholders needs to consider in a positive way. Therefore, organization needs to develop strategies so that stakeholders can able to identify the kind of positive impact that the change in business procedure can have on the overall revenue level of the organization. Development of alternative opportunities: Stakeholder management is an extremely difficult process, as many factors can have impact on this factor. Therefore, organization strategies need to focus on alternative solutions for effective management of the stakeholder[6]. For instance, organization needs to develop strategy for creating positive mindset among the stakeholders that the change in the operational procedure will help to increase the revenue level of the organization. However, organization also needs to focus on alternative strategies of highlighting the short-term benefits as well, as it will induce stakeholders to fulfill all the business objectives in an appropriate manner. b. Effectiveness of the implemented actions: From the above discussion, it can be assessed that the focus organization is looking to implement systematic procedure for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner[7]. Now, it is expected that the implementation of systematic procedure will help the organization to cover all aspects of stakeholder management regarding the changes in business procedure. Furthermore, it will help organization to address both internal as well as external stakeholders regarding the proposed change in the business procedure[8]. For instance, stakeholder mapping will allow the organization to evaluate the satisfaction level of each stakeholder. Therefore, it will allow organization to develop strategies in such a way so that it can create maximum impact on the business processes. Now, the proposed change will create major impact on the investors. Therefore, stakeholders mapping will allow handling investors in an appropriate way. On the other hand, identification of the triggers will help organization to identify the prime factors that can have adverse impact on the stakeholder management perspectives[9]. Therefore, it will help organization to develop alternative counter strategies, which will eventually create healthy internal and external business environment[10]. Furthermore, identification of prime influences will allow organization to prioritize their responsibilities in an appropriate manner. Therefore, it will also create positive impact on the effectiveness of the overall business processes. c. Selected promotion mediums for ensuring positive representation of the company: Many studies have highlighted the fact that selection of effective mediums or tools are necessary for establishing any business in the global market[11]. With increasing competition in the global market, it has become necessary for all the organization to utilize aggressive promotional strategies for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner. Now, in order to launch products in the global market, the focus organization will utilize following promotional mediums: Internet and Social media promotions: Over the past few years, use of internet has increased in a significant manner all across the globe. Particularly, social media platforms have become integral part of life Therefore, it has become necessary for each organization to utilize internet and social media platform in order to reach to the global customers[12]. Internet and social media also has provided unique way including pictures and blogging to grab the attention of the customers. Furthermore, the focus organization needs to utilize social media platform as a two-way communication tools so that queries of customers from different parts of the world can be solved in an effective manner[13]. Thus, it will help to increase satisfaction level among the customers, which will eventually create positive impact on the effective fulfillment of the business objectives. Television advertisements: Regardless of increasing popularity of internet and social media platform, television is still the most prominent tool for promotional campaign. Therefore, the focus organization will also have to utilize television platform in an appropriate way for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner[14]. The organization needs to focus on popular television shows and live sporting events for creating maximum impact on the global market. Print media promotions: Though the increasing popularity of electronic and social media platform has reduced the significance of print media promotion, it still can have major impact on fulfilling business objectives in an appropriate way[15]. Therefore, the focus organization will have to utilize newspapers and magazines to get closer to potential customers in the global market. Furthermore, the focus organization needs to provide information regarding any special offers through the print media promotions for maximizing the impact on the market. Outdoor advertisements: The focus organization also needs to utilize outdoor advertisement techniques in order to provide information to the potential customers in the world market. Therefore, it needs to focus on the effective utilization billboards, leaflets and hoardings for fulfilling the organizational objectives. Now, the focus organization needs to utilize popular destinations like shopping malls, multiplex and national highways for creating maximum impact on the global market. d. Impact of legislation on global interaction: Legislative rules and regulations also plays critical role at the time of launching products in the global market. Many studies have highlighted the fact that political environment in a particular economy also plays a key role in the development of rules and regulations. For instance, different economies have their own standards regarding the quality of the products that the organization will have to be mentioned for fulfill business objectives in an appropriate manner[16]. For instance, several economies like to have direct interference of the introduction of foreign products in the domestic markets. In fact, countries like China and Japan has huge amount of legislative restrictions that reduces the possibility of effective development foreign business within the market. However, globalization has helped many organizations to expand their businesses across the boundaries of the countries, which also help to create positive impact on the overall business level of the organization. However, studies have mentioned that legislative rules and restrictions induce organizations to maintain specifics factors so that it can create positive impact on the economy as well[17]. Firstly, organization needs to focus on maintaining basic legislative rules like taxations and quality of the products in order to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Furthermore, legislative rules and regulations have been developed for providing enough earning opportunities for the local people. Furthermore, several countries also have developed legislative rules and regulations for providing health and safety benefits to the employees so that they can able to give their best at the workplace. Furthermore, organization also needs to focus on the political environment of a particular country, as it also can have major impact on the overall impact of the marketing campaign[18]. Now, maintaining all the legislative rules and regulations will help organization to develop strong brand in the glo bal market. Therefore, it will help the focus organization to increase the effectiveness of the implemented marketing strategies to introduce products in the global market. Thus, it is necessary for the focus organization to include all the legislative rules within the business campaign so that the products can create desired impact on the global market. e. Possible risks that need to be addressed: Launching products in the international market is not an easily thing. In fact, organization will have to face several risks for fulfilling the business objective in an appropriate manner[19]. Now, risk is an integral part of business that organizations need to deal with in an effective way. Specifically, launching products in the global market is a complex job that has to deal with precise risks that are discussed as follows: Marketing risks: Effective utilization of marketing is necessary for introducing products in the global market in an appropriate manner[20]. However, effectiveness of marketing campaign heavily depends on factors like culture, values and ethics of a particular country. Therefore, organization needs to develop marketing strategies in such a way so that it can go with culture and values of a particular country. Thus, a risks element is always associated with the marketing campaign that it would not able to create desire impact. For that reason, it is necessary for the organization to develop some risk assessment strategies, which will increase the overall effectiveness of the marketing campaign. Distribution risks: Many studies have highlighted the fact that introducing products in the global market requires huge investment in the logistics or distribution sector[21]. In fact, it induces organizations to develop complex distribution network to ensure that the products can be available at every area of the globe. However, development of effective global network requires strong bonding with different level of distributors. Otherwise, organization would not able to fulfill all the distribution requirements, which will create adverse impact on the overall revenue level. Thus, it can be assessed that effectiveness of distribution depends on many factors that has increased the risk level associated with operational process of the organization. Sustainability risks: In the present competitive business environment, every organization has to face the risk of substitute products that can create major impact on the sustainability factor[22]. Therefore, sustaining the popularity of the product in the global market has emerged as one of the prime issue for the organization. Sustaining popularity of each product requires proper evaluation of customer needs and preferences in different segment of world market[23]. For that reason, organization looks to implement different strategies for understanding the change in the preferences of the customers in an appropriate way. Any wrong analysis of customer needs can actually induce products to vanish from the market. It highlights huge amount of risks for organization for conducting business effectively in the world market. Activity 3: Team leaders play critical role in influencing a group of individuals to work for the effective fulfilment of the organizational goals[24]. Therefore, organizations need to be very careful at the time of selecting an individual for the role of team leader. The organization needs to analyse specific skill level of individuals in order to judge whether the person can fulfil the roles and responsibilities of an effective team leader or not. The role and characteristics of an effective team leader are discussed as follows: Role of an effective team leader: Provide purpose: Team leaders are essential for combining a group of individual for the fulfilment of organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, one of the prime responsibilities of an effective team leader is to provide purpose to all the team members so that they can able to work together for the fulfilment of organizational goals. Many studies have mentioned that providing information regarding the significance of fulfilling any target for the organization can help to motivate employees to provide their best effort for fulfilling organizational objectives[25]. Therefore, it is team leaders responsibility to communicate with the employees in such a way so that they can able to identify the purpose of the organization in an effective manner. Develop a star team, not a team of stars: Team represents a group of individual that are working towards a particular goal of an organization. Therefore, it is necessary that each individual of a team is equally distributing the entire work. Otherwise, it will create misbalance regarding the work culture, as some of the employees will to take more responsibilities[26]. Thus, it eventually will create adverse impact on the performance level of the employees. For that reason, role of team leader includes proper development of team where each member is equally important. The role of team leader also is to ensure that no individual have to take any unnecessary additional responsibility, as it might create adverse impact on work-life balance. Develop shared ownership for all the results: Many studies have highlighted the fact that effective development of team requires sense of ownership among each individual within the team[27]. Sense of ownership among each member of the team helps to create strong motivation for fulfilling all the targets provided by the organization. Therefore, it also helps a particular team to avoid all possible difficulties in an appropriate manner, which eventually will create positive impact of the overall effectiveness of the operational process. Therefore, it is necessary for team leader to focus on effective development of shared ownership among the team members, as it can create positive impact on the overall revenue level of the organization. Establish self-managing team: In the present competitive business environment, many organization looks to utilize big teams with more than 50 members. Therefore, majority of the time it become very difficult for a particular team leader to provide effective support to all the team members in an appropriate way. Therefore, the role of team leaders also includes development of self-managing team where all the employees are capable of solving their own problems[28]. Furthermore, it allows team leader to provide more support that is appropriate to the new employees, which eventually help to fulfil all the provided organizational objectives. Inspire and motivate team members: Several studies have highlighted the fact that motivation is among the primary elements that team leader needs to develop within each team member effectively[29]. It has been assessed that motivated employees tend to provide more for the fulfilment of organizational objectives. Therefore, the role of team leader also include provide motivation to each employees. Thus, effective team leader tends to inspire team members through providing information about future scope or leading by example so that it can influence all the team members to provide their best for the organizational objectives. Establish constructive communication: Proper utilization of communication structure is another important factor that organization needs to utilize for maximizes the effectiveness of a team. Proper utilization of communication structure within the team allows all team members to remain on the same page. As a result, productivity of a team does not hamper due to confusion among the team members[30]. Therefore, the role of an effective leader must include development of constructive communication structure among all level of employees within the team. The team leader needs to develop an atmosphere where team members can share their views and perspectives in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, team leader also needs to consider the provided suggestion by the team members, which will help to develop positive work culture within the organizational environment. Unbiased performance measurement: Performance measurement of each team member is another key responsibility of a team leader. Many studies have highlighted the fact that proper utilization of performance measurement technique can help organization to motivate employees in an effective manner. Furthermore, proper utilization of performance measurement technique allows organization to develop healthy competition among the employees, which eventually create positive impact on the overall performance level of a team[31]. Therefore, team leader needs to remain unbiased at time of measuring the performance level of the employees, as it is necessary for developing an effective team within the organizational structure. Characteristics of an effective team leader: Vision: An effective team leader needs to have power of visualizing team success and also put that vision into real action. Thus, the effective team leader needs to have the ability to act on an idea or make critical decisions that are in line with the vision and mission statement of the organization. Thus, the prime characteristic of an effective team leader is to actualize the idea that goes with the organizational objective, which eventually helps organization to increase the present level of revenue. It has been assessed that envision of effective team leader brings success or positive results for the team. Communication: As mentioned earlier, communication is the most important factor that can make or break a particular team. Therefore, it is necessary for the team leaders to possess both verbal and written communication skills so that they can able to inspire or motivate other team members in an appropriate way[32]. Furthermore, effective communication skill can allow team members to have proper support at the difficult time, which not only help team member to fulfil all the responsibilities but also help to increase the overall effectiveness of the team. Delegation: One of the prime traits of an effective team leader is the ability to utilize the available resources for creating maximum productivity. An effective team leader needs to have the skill of analysing a particular situation in such way so that available resources can have maximum impact on the responsibility[33]. In the present complex business environment, team leaders often deal with scarcity of resources. Therefore, delegation skill of team leader is required for creating maximum impact for the organization. Furthermore, it also help team leader to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each employee that also create positive impact on the overall effectiveness of the team. Constitution: Many studies have highlighted the fact that an effective team leader needs to have a level-headed constitution[34]. It allows an effective team leader to remain positive in difficult situation and also help not to get rattled in tough situations. Thus, constitution skill is necessary, as it influence all the team members to remain positive in difficult situation, which eventually will create positive impact on the overall effectiveness of the team. It also highlights the ability of team leader for analysing a particular situation and make strong decisions for the fulfilment of the organizational objectives. Energy: Energy or enthusiasm is another prime characteristic that an effective team leader needs to possess. It helps a particular team leader to become the prime source of positive energy that eventually helps to develop healthy work environment[35]. It has been assessed that the development of positive energy requires realistic expectation from the management of the organization. Therefore, effective team leader needs to identify specific targets for the employees that can able to influence them to give their best at the workplace. Furthermore, enthusiastic skill of team leader will also help to create healthy work environment, where employees can lead their professional life in an appropriate manner. Confidence: Team leader has to deal with both executive and senior level employees regarding the fulfilment of the provided organizational responsibilities. Therefore, it is necessary for an effective team leader to have self-confidence, as it will allow dealing with critical organizational situation in an appropriate manner[36]. Furthermore, self-confidence will allow team leaders to highlight any issue in the operational process in front of management in an appropriate manner. It also will allow team leader to provide proper justification regarding any issue in the operational process, which will create positive impact on the overall operational process of the organization. Negotiation: An effective team leader also needs to have negotiation skills, as it will help to solve many critical situations in an appropriate manner. It will also help team leaders to handle any conflicts within the team members in an appropriate manner[37]. 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